Nominal total return, log scale, annual data — $100 base, start of 1928 through end of 2025
Invesense Research | S&P Dow Jones Indices |
U.S. Department of the Treasury | NCREIF |
London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) |
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Damodaran, NYU Stern (2026); Bloomberg Terminal | Apr 2026